Neonatal systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism type I / 中国当代儿科杂志

An 18-day-old male infant was admitted to the hospital due to recurrent hyperkalemia for more than 10 days. The neonate had milk refusal and dyspnea. The blood gas analysis revealed recurrent hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis. Adrenocortical hormone replacement therapy was ineffective. Additional tests showed a significant increase in aldosterone levels. Family whole exome sequencing revealed that the infant had compound heterozygous in the SCNNIA gene, inherited from both parents. The infant was diagnosed with neonatal systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism type I. The infant's electrolyte levels were stabilized through treatment with sodium polystyrene sulfonate and sodium supplement. The infant was discharged upon clinical recovery. This study provides a focused description of differential diagnosis of salt-losing syndrome in infants and introduces the multidisciplinary management of neonatal systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism type I.

Hiponatremia en pacientes geriátricos con insuficiencia cardiaca / Hyponatremia in geriatric patients with heart failure

Introducción: La hiponatremia es la alteración electrolítica más frecuente en el paciente geriátrico. Existen evidencias que la asocian a un peor pronóstico en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes geriátricos ingresados con hiponatremia al ingreso e insuficiencia cardíaca. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo durante el año 2018 en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Calixto García que incluyó 260 pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca e hiponatremia al ingreso. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos reutilizaron la prueba de chi cuadrada y el análisis multivariado de ANOVA para la asociación entre variables. Resultados: La edad media fue 72,6 ± 8,2, predominaron las mujeres (55,0 por ciento). Prevaleció la puntuación de Charlson 3-4 (33,8 por ciento), la fracción de eyección conservada, 70,8 por ciento; clase funcional III, 33,8 por ciento; estadía menor a 6 días, 43,1 por ciento y fallecieron 51,9 por ciento de la muestra estudiada. Se asociaron significativamente con la mortalidad al egreso, el índice de comorbilidad y la clase funcional III-IV, p< 0,05. Conclusiones: Existe una elevada mortalidad en pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados por insuficiencia cardiaca e hiponatremia al ingreso asociada a la presencia de comorbilidad y a la clasificación de la insuficiencia cardiaca(AU)

Introduction: Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte alteration in geriatric patients. There is evidence that associates it with a worse prognosis in patients with heart failure. Objective: To describe geriatric patients admitted with hyponatremia on admission and heart failure. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out in 2018 at Calixto García Surgical Clinical University Hospital, including 260 patients with heart failure and hyponatremia on admission. For the statistical analysis of the data, they reused the chi-square test and the multivariate analysis of ANOVA for the association between variables. Results: The mean age was 72.6 ± 8.2, women predominated (55.0 percent). Prevalence was observed in the Charlson score 3-4 (33.8 percent), the ejection fraction preserved (70.8 percent); functional class III was 33.8 percent; 43.1 percent stayed less than 6 days and 51.9 percent of the sample studied died. They were significantly associated with mortality at discharge, the comorbidity index and functional class III-IV, p <0.05. Conclusions: There is a high mortality in geriatric patients hospitalized for heart failure and hyponatremia on admission associated with the presence of comorbidity and the classification of heart failure(AU)

Manejo de deshidratación con alteración del sodio en pacientes pediátricos / Management of dehydration with sodium alteration in pediatric patients

Los cuadros de deshidratación son frecuentes en pediatría, muchos de ellos acompañados de alteraciones electrolíticas. La deshidratación asociada a trastornos del sodio puede implicar riesgos para la salud de los pacientes pediátricos tanto en el desarrollo del cuadro como en su tratamiento. Objetivo: crear un algoritmo de manejo de los cuadros de deshidratación asociados a lateraciones del sodio para manejo de pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: se realizó revisión de la literatura disponible sobre deshidratación con hiper e hiponatremia, en inglés y español, incluyendo libros y artículos de revistas. Se presenta en el actual documento los aspectos básicos sobre la fisiopatología de la deshidratación asociada a trastornos del sodio, su clínica, diagnóstico y manejo detallado, para el uso en la práctica clínica diaria.

Dehydration is common in pediatric patients, frequently accompanied with electrolite disturbances. Dehydration associated with sodium disturbances can involve risk for pediatric patient health during the development of the disease and during its treatment. Objective: to create an algorithm of management of dehydration with sodium disturbances in pediatric patients. Methods: review of literature about dehydration with hypernatremia and hyponatremia, in english and spanish, including books and published articles. We present in this document the basic aspects of physiopathology of dehydration with sodium disturbances, clinical presentation, diagnosis and detailed management, so it can be consulted for clinical practice.

Hyponatremia in elderly patients with fragility fractures of the proximal femur: a cross-sectional study / Hiponatremia em pacientes idosos com fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Introduction: Proximal femur fractures affect the mortality and morbidity of elderly individuals. Recent studies have shown an association between fragility fractures and hyponatremia, a common fluid and electrolyte balance disorder. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hyponatremia in patients with fragility fractures of the proximal femur. Methods: The authors looked into the data from the medical records of patients admitted to the emergency unit of the Real Hospital Português for fragility fractures of the proximal femur from 2014 to 2017. The study included patients with serum sodium levels recorded in their charts. Results: Fourteen of 69 (20.3%) patients with proximal femur fractures had hyponatremia. The main factors linked to hyponatremia were lung disease, and prescription of amiodarone and/or antidepressants. Conclusion: In elderly individuals, fragility fractures of the proximal femur may correlate with hyponatremia, particularly among patients on amiodarone or antidepressants.

RESUMO Introdução: Fratura de fêmur proximal tem impacto na mortalidade e morbidade de idosos. Estudos recentes vêm demonstrando associação entre fratura por fragilidade e hiponatremia, um distúrbio hidroeletrolítico comum na prática médica. Objetivos: Investigar a ocorrência de hiponatremia em pacientes com fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade. Metodologia: Foram coletados dados a partir de prontuários de pacientes admitidos na emergência do Real Hospital Português devido à fratura proximal de fêmur por fragilidade, entre 2014 e 2017, e aqueles com natremia disponível no prontuário eletrônico foram incluídos no estudo. Resultado: Dentre os 69 pacientes com fratura de fêmur proximal, houve uma ocorrência de 14 pacientes com hiponatremia, o que corresponde a 20,3%. Os principais fatores associados à hiponatremia no estudo foram doença pulmonar, uso de amiodarona e antidepressivos. Conclusão: Em idosos, a fratura de fêmur proximal por fragilidade pode estar correlacionada com hiponatremia, principalmente quando estão sob uso de amiodarona ou antidepressivos.

Hiponatremia em idosos internados está associada à polifarmácia, maior permanência hospitalar e maior mortalidade / Hyponatremia in hospitalized older adults is associated with polypharmacy, longer hospital stay, and higher mortality

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a hiponatremia em pacientes idosos durante o período de internação e sua associação com polifarmácia, permanência hospitalar e mortalidade. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, de pacientes com mais de 65 anos de idade durante o período de internação. A primeira amostra de sódio solicitada pelo médico foi considerada para análise. A hiponatremia foi classificada quanto à gravidade em: leve (130 ­ 135 mEq/L), moderada (125 ­ 129 mEq/L) e grave (< 125 mEq/L); quanto à osmolaridade em: isotônica (275 ­ 295 mOsm/L), hipotônica (< 275 mOsm/L) e hipertônica (> 295 mOsm/L). Empregamos o teste do χ2 e a análise de variância (ANOVA a uma via), com teste post hoc de Tukey, para analisar o período de permanência entre os grupos (normonatremia, hiponatremia leve/moderada e grave), e o teste do χ2, para comparar a mortalidade entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Cento e setenta e quatro pacientes com idade média de 74 ± 7 anos (65 ­ 95 anos), sendo 52,3% do sexo masculino, foram avaliados. Do total, 44,8% apresentaram normonatremia; 37,8%, hiponatremia leve; 9,2%, hiponatremia moderada; e 8%, hiponatremia grave. Houve aumento do período de permanência hospitalar nos pacientes com hiponatremia, sendo mais acentuado em portadores de hiponatremia grave. Polifarmácia esteve presente em 39,3% dos pacientes. Entre aqueles com hiponatremia grave, 71,4% apresentavam polifarmácia (p = 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Idosos hospitalizados apresentam alta frequência de hiponatremia e associação importante com polifarmácia e prolongamento da permanência hospitalar

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hyponatremia in older patients during hospital stay and determine its association with polypharmacy, length of hospital stay, and mortality. METHOD: This was an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study of patients aged 65 years and older during hospitalization. The first sodium sample requested by the physician was considered for analysis. Hyponatremia was classified according to severity as mild (130­135 mEq/L), moderate (125­129 mEq/L), or severe (< 125 mEq/L) and according to osmolarity as isotonic (275­295 mOsm/L), hypotonic (< 275 mOsm/L), or hypertonic (> 295 mOsm/L). The χ2 test and oneway analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze length of hospital stay between the groups (normonatremia and mild, moderate, and severe hyponatremia). The χ2 test was also used to compare mortality between the groups. RESULTS: We included 174 patients, with a mean age of 74 (SD, 7; range, 65­95) years; 52.3% were men. Overall, 44.8% had normonatremia, 37.8% had mild hyponatremia, 9.2% had moderate hyponatremia, and 8.0% had severe hyponatremia. Increased hospital stay was observed in patients with hyponatremia, being longer in those with severe hyponatremia. Polypharmacy occurred in 39.3% of patients. Of patients with severe hyponatremia, 71.4% had polypharmacy (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized older adults showed a high rate of hyponatremia and an important association with polypharmacy and prolonged hospital stay.

Hiponatremia adquirida en el hospital: ¿influye el tipo de fluidoterapia en los niños ingresados a cuidados intensivos? / Hospital-acquired hyponatremia: Does the type of fluid therapy affect children admitted to intensive care?

Resumen: Introducción: Este estudio tuvo por objetivo valorar las diferencias entre el tipo de fluidoterapia ini cial utilizada (sueros isotónicos o hipotónicos) en el desarrollo de hiponatremia, valores de cloro y to lerancia de las vías venosas. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de cohortes en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) de un hospital terciario. Se incluyeron niños menores de 15 años ingresados durante el primer semestre de los años 2010 y 2013, que recibieron fluidoterapia in travenosa, excluyéndose los sometidos a cirugía cardiaca, trasplantados renales y aquellos con ingreso inferior a 24 h. Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos, de comorbilidad y relacionados con el ingreso, tipo de suero recibido, valores de sodio y cloro en las primeras 72 h y la incidencia de extravasaciones de vías periféricas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 111 niños: 68 (61,3%) recibieron líquidos hipotónicos y 43 (38,7%) isotónicos. No hubo diferencias respecto a la patología y gravedad, ni tampoco en el volumen de líquidos recibido. Entre los pacientes que recibieron sueros hipotónicos, 28 (41,2%) pre sentaron hiponatremia, siendo esta moderada (Na <130 mEq/kg) en 11 de ellos, en comparación con 8 niños (18,6%) entre los que recibieron sueros isotónicos, registrando hiponatremia moderada solo en un caso (p=0,027). No se registró ningún caso de hipernatremia, ni hubo diferencias en los valores de cloro plasmático. Tampoco se objetivó mayor frecuencia de pérdida del acceso venoso utilizando la fluidoterapia isotónica (4,7% vs. 7,4%, p=0,704). Conclusión: El uso de líquidos iniciales isotóni cos en niños hospitalizados en UCIP se asocia con menor incidencia y gravedad de hiponatremia, sin cambio en la cloremia y es bien tolerado por las vías venosas periféricas.

Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the type of initial fluid therapy used (isotonic or hypotonic solutions) and the development of hyponatremia, the plas ma chlorine values and the tolerance of venous access. Patients and Method: Retrospective cohort study in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a high complexity hospital. There were included children younger than 15 years old hospitalized during the first semester of 2010 and 2013 who recei ved intravenous maintenance fluid therapy, excluding patients undergoing cardiac surgery, kidney transplant and admissions that lasted less than 24 hours. Epidemiological, comorbidity and admis sion-related data were collected, including type of solution received, sodium and chlorine values in the first 72 hours of hospitalization and the incidence of extravasation of peripheral intravenous lines. Results: 111 children were included; 68 children (61.3%) were treated with hypotonic solutions and 43 (38.7%) with isotonic solutions. There were no differences in pathology and severity, and also in the volume of fluid received. Among the patients who received hypotonic solutions, 28 (41.2%) de veloped hyponatremia, wich was moderate (Na <130 mEq/Kg) in 11 cases, compared with 8 children (18.6%) who received isotonic solutions, with only one case of moderate hyponatremia (p = 0.027). No cases of hypernatremia were recorded, and there were no differences in plasma chlorine values. There was also no increased frequency of venous access loss in patients treated with isotonic solutions (4.7% versus 7.4%, p = 0.704). Conclusion: Treatment with initial isotonic solutions in children hos pitalized in PICU is associated with a lower incidence and severity of hyponatremia, without changes in the plasma chlorine values and it is well tolerated by peripheral intravenous lines.

Hiponatremia en pacientes adultos con lesión cerebral agudas / Hyponatremia in adult patients with acute brain injury

Las afecciones agudas del sistema nervioso central como los accidentes cerebrovasculares (ACV) y traumatismos de cráneo producen alteraciones en la homeostasis del sodio por diversos mecanismos. La hiponatremia es un fenómeno frecuente en la práctica clínica, constituye un desafío debido a la diversa etiología, las complicaciones de su evolución natural llegan a ser muy severas y hasta fatales. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia y causas de hiponatremia en pacientes adultos con daño cerebral agudo internados en el Hospital Nacional. Materiales y metodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal que incluyó 115 pacientes internados en el Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) en 2015. Se consideró como hiponatremia en cerebro agudo a los portadores de accidente cerebral vascular (ACV) hemorrágico (intra parenquimatoso, subaracnoideo o cerebro meníngeo), ACV isquémico o traumatismo de cráneo corroborados por tomografía axial computada de cráneo o resonancia magnética de menos de 10 días de evolución y hayan presentado Na sérico ≤135 mEq/L. Resultados: la prevalencia de hiponatremia fue 34%, con predominio del sexo masculino (54%). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el ACV hemorrágico y la principal comorbilidad asociada fue la hipertensión arterial. Se diagnosticaron 15 pacientes con Síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética y 6 con depleción cerebral de sal que representan 38,4% y 15,4% respectivamente. Conclusión: se halló alta prevalencia de hiponatremia en pacientes con daño cerebral agudo. El Síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética y depleción cerebral de sal describen y explican con mayor frecuencia la presencia de hiponatremia asociada a natriuresis aumentada.

The acute afections of center sistem nervous as the stroke(ACV) and head trauma produce alterations in the Sodio Homeostasis For various mechanisms.The Hiponatremia is a frecuently event in our enviroment, It is a Desafy because to diverse etiology, the complications of their natural evolution become severity and to fatalytis. Objective: To determine the frequency and causes of hyponatremia in adult patients with acute brain injury admitted to the National Hospital. Materials and methods: descriptive, cross-sectional prospective study that included 1 15 patients in the National Hospital (Itauguá, Paraguay) in 2015. It was considered as hyponatremia in acute brain carriers of hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral, subarachnoid), ischemic stroke or head injury confirmed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance image in patients submitted less than 10 days and serum Na + ≤135 mEq/L. Results: The prevalence of hyponatremia was 34%, with a predominance of males (54%). The most common diagnosis was hemorrhagic stroke and the most common comorbidity was arterial hypertension. There were diagnosed 15 patients with Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion and 6 with Cerebral salt wasting syndrome representing 38.4% and 15.4% respectively. Conclusion: we found high prevalence of hyponatremia in patients with acute brain damage. The Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion and Cerebral salt wasting syndrome are described as the 2 syndromes that more frequently explain the presence of hyponatremia associated with increased natriuresis.

Hyponatremia in acute heart failure: a marker of poor condition or a mediator of poor outcome?

No abstract available.

Bases fisiopatológicas de los transtornos del sodio en pediatría / Pathophysiology of sodium disorders in children

Las disnatremias son el transtorno hidroelectrolítico prevalente en pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados. Su manejo inadecuado puede tener serias consecuencias, asociándose a un aumento en la morbimortalidad de los pacientes. El objetivo de este artículo es actualizar las bases fisiopatológicas de las disnatremias y revisar herramientas clínicas y de laboratorio que nos permitan realizar un enfrentamiento rápido y simple. Las disnatremias reflejan un transtorno del balance del agua, y el balance de agua tiene relación directa con la osmorregulación. Existen mecanismos para mantener el control de la osmolalidad plasmática, los cuales se gatillan con cambios de un 1-2 por ciento. A nivel hipotalámico existen osmorreceptores que censan cambios en la osmolalidad plasmática, regulando la secreción de Hormona Antidiurética (ADH), la que ejerce su acción a nivel renal, por lo cual el riñón es el principal regulador del balance hídrico. Cuando se está frente a una disnatremia, es fundamental evaluar cómo está funcionando este eje ADH-riñón. Dentro de las hiponatremias existen causas que son fáciles de identificar, sin embargo, diferenciar un síndrome de secreción inadecuada de ADH con un síndrome pierde sal cerebral suele ser más difícil. En el caso de las hipernatremias, sospechar una diabetes insípida y diferenciar su posible origen, central o nefrogénico, es fundamental para su manejo. En conclusión, el enfrentamiento de una disnatremia requiere conocer las bases fisiopatológicas de su desarrollo, para así poder realizar un diagnóstico certero y finalmente un tratamiento adecuado, evitando errores en su corrección que pueden poner en riesgo al paciente.

Dysnatremia is among the most common electrolyte disorders in clinical medicine and its improper management can have serious consequences associated with increased morbidity and mortality of patients. The aim of this study is to update the pathophysiology of dysnatremia and review some simple clinical and laboratory tools, easy to interpret, that allow us to make a quick and simple approach. Dysnatremia involves water balance disorders. Water balance is directly related to osmoregulation. There are mechanisms to maintain plasma osmolality control; which are triggered by 1-2 percent changes. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors detect changes in plasma osmolality, regulating the secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), which travels to the kidneys resulting in more water being reabsorbed into the blood; therefore, the kidney is the main regulator of water balance. When a patient is suffering dysnatremia, it is important to assess how his ADH-renal axis is working. There are causes of this condition easy to identify, however, to differentiate a syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion from cerebral salt-wasting syndrome is often more difficult. In the case of hypernatremia, to suspect insipidus diabetes and to differentiate its either central or nephrogenic origin is essential for its management. In conclusion, dysnatremia management requires pathophysiologic knowledge of its development in order to make an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, avoiding errors that may endanger the health of our patients.

Hiponatremia: uma abordagem prática / Hyponatremia: a practical approach

O manejo da hiponatremia é um desafio, pois não é possível estabelecer a conduta adequada apenas a partir do diagnóstico laboratorial. Para isso, é preciso ter conhecimento básico a respeito do equilíbrio da água corporal, e avaliar com cuidado o quadro clínico do paciente. Este artigo visa orientar o manejo da hiponatremia, principalmente em contexto hospitalar.

The management of hyponatremia is a challenge, since is not possible to establish a proper approach using only laboratorial parameters. In order to manage it correctly, basic knowledge regarding water balance and careful evaluation of the patient's clinical status are needed. This article aims to provide guidance for the management of hyponatremia, focusing mainly in inpatient treatment.

Encefalopatía perdedora de sal en romboencefalitis por listeria / Cerebral salt wasting syndrome associated with Listeria monocytogenes encephalitis. Report of one case

Hyponatremia is common in patients with severe neurological diseases and is often secondary to a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). However, in some patients, hyponatremia is due to cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS). SIADH and CSWS treatments are opposite and misdiagnosis can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. We report a 52 years old female with a rhom-boencephalitis caused by Listeria Monocytogenes (LM), ventriculitis and abscesses in cerebellum and brainstem. It was associated with hyponatremia, hypotension, increased natriuresis, hypouricemia, and low creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Large amounts ofsodium were needed and the condition persisted after hospital discharge. Hyponatremia is common in central nervous system involvement by LM, however we are not aware of CSWS reports of this condition.

Hiponatremia / Hyponatremia

Alterations in plasma osmolality are related to changes in cell volume, which are the pathophysiological substrate of serious diseases. Under normal conditions sodium is the main determinant of plasma osmolality, and its homeostasis depends primarily on water balance. Hyponatremia is common in clinical practice, and is associated with morbidity and mortality by itself or in relation to its treatment. Despite this, sodium disorders are underdiagnosed, undertreated, and often handled improperly. Because multiple conditions with different treatments can be manifested through hyponatremia, the clear understanding of the pathophysiologic condition of each patient is essential for proper management. This review will discuss the pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches and current therapies of hyponatremia (AU)

A comparative study of the clinico-aetiological profile of hyponatremia at presentation with that developing in the hospital

Background & objectives: Hyponatremia is a common problem encountered in patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms. We undertook this study to investigate the clinical profile of patients with hyponatremia, the precipitating factors, the response to therapy and to compare, using these parameters, hyponatremia at presentation to that developing in the hospital. Methods: Seventy consecutive patients with serum sodium less than or equal to 125 mmol/l at presentation or at any time during hospital admission were identified and studied using a proforma. The severity of hyponatremia, therapy given and time taken for recovery were analysed. Results: The mean age of patients was 48.1 ± 16.1 yr. The mean serum sodium was 117.8 ± 6.4 mmol/l. Confusion, headache and malaise were the most common symptoms, two patients had seizures, and 20.0 per cent patients showed no clinical manifestations. Nausea was significantly (P<0.05) more common in patients presenting with hyponatremia. 22 patients (31.4%) developed hyponatremia during their stay in the hospital. 3 patients (4.3%) presented with hyponatremia which got worse during the admission period. Most had multiple precipitating factors, decreased intake being the most common (82.9%), followed by increased losses (65.7%) and miscellaneous factors (70.0%). Drugs, fluid overload and inappropriate Ryle's tube feeds more commonly precipitated hyponatremia in in-hospital patients. Time taken for recovery showed negative correlation with the serum sodium. Patients with in-hospital hyponatremia took significantly longer time to recover (P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusions: Decreased intake was found to be the commonest cause of hyponatremia, thus, ensuring adequate oral intake, especially in patients on liquid diet and in manual labourers, and correction of hyponatremia as soon as an abnormality is detected is important.

Hyponatremia in visceral leishmaniasis / Hiponatremia no calazar

There are few reports linking hyponatremia and visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). This is a study of 55 consecutive kala-azar patients and 20 normal individuals as a control group. Hyponatremia and serum hypo-osmolality were detected in 100 percent of kala-azar patients. High first morning urine osmolality (750.0 ± 52.0 vs. 894.5 ± 30.0mOsm/kg H2O, p < 0.05), and high 24-hour urine osmolality (426.0 ± 167.0 vs. 514.6 ± 132.0 mOsm/kg H2O, p < 0.05) demonstrated persistent antidiuretic hormone secretion. Urinary sodium was high (82.3 ± 44.2 vs.110.3 ± 34.7 mEq/L, p < 0.05). Low seric uric acid occurred in 61.8 percent of patients and increased fractional urinary uric acid excretion was detected in 74.5 percent of them. Increased glomerular filtration rate was present in 25.4 percent of patients. There was no evidence of extracellular volume depletion. Normal plasma ADH levels were observed in kala-azar patients. No endocrine or renal dysfunction was detected. It is possible that most hyponatremic kala-azar patients present the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Existem poucos relatos relacionando hiponatremia com a leshmaniose visceral (calazar). Este é um estudo de 55 pacientes portadores de calazar e um grupo controle de 20 indivíduos normais. Hiponatremia e hipo-osmolalidade sérica foram detectados em 100 por cento dos pacientes portadores de calazar. A presença de alta osmolalidade da primeira urina da manhã (750,0 ± 52,0 vs. 894,5 ± 30 mOsm/Kg H2O, p < 0,05) e da urina de 24h (426,0 ± 167,0 vs. 514,6 ± 132,0 mOsm/Kg H2O, p < 0,05), demonstraram a presença de persistente secreção de hormônio antidiurético. A concentração de sódio urinário foi elevada (82,3 ± 44,2 vs. 110,3 ± 34,7 mEq/L, p < 0,05). Hipouricemia ocorreu em 61,8 por cento dos pacientes e aumento da fração de excreção urinária de ácido úrico foi detectada em 74,5 por cento dos casos. Aumento da velocidade de filtração glomerular estava presente em 25,4 por cento dos pacientes. Não havia evidência clínica de depleção de volume extracelular. Valores normais de ADH plasmático foram observados nos pacientes com calazar. Não foi detectada disfunção renal ou endócrina. É provável, que a maioria dos pacientes com calazar apresente uma síndrome de secreção inapropriada de hormônio antidiurético.